Bibliographic review about the usefulness of ultrasound contrast media in the study of renal masses.

OBJECTIVES: The microbubbles enhanced ultrasound contrast is a novel technique that informs us in real time of renal perfusion and microcirculation. METHOD: We reviewed the literature about its use in the study of renal masses in order to show their actual clinical performance in this condition. RESULT: This technique is useful in the differential diagnosis of pseudotumors, characterization and monitoring of small renal masses, the study of complex renal cysts and controlling the progression of renal masses that underwent ablative treatments. Like any diagnostic technique has some limitations on usage;its rapid contrast wash, being operator-dependent, require some experience and need special software to be correctly interpreted. CONCLUSIONS: The microbubbles enhanced ultrasound contrast is a useful and economic technique for the study and differential diagnosis of the renal masses.

Revisión bibliográfica sobre la utilidad de los contrastes ecográficos en el estudio de las masas renales / Bibliographic review about the usefulness of ultrasound contrast media in the study of renal masses

OBJETIVO: La ecografía realzada con contraste de microburbujas es una técnica novedosa que nos informa en tiempo real de la perfusión renal y su microcirculación. MÉTODOS: Hemos revisado la literatura sobre su uso en el estudio de las masas renales con el fin de mostrar su rentabilidad clínica real en esta patología. RESULTADOS: Esta técnica resulta útil en el diagnóstico diferencial de pseudotumores, en la caracterización y seguimiento de masas renales de pequeño tamaño, en el estudio de quistes renales complejos y en el control evolutivo de masas renales sometidas a tratamientos ablativos. CONCLUSIONES: Como toda técnica diagnóstica, no está exenta de limitaciones de uso, siendo sus principales inconvenientes la rapidez del lavado del contraste, el ser operador-dependiente, requerir de cierta experiencia y la necesidad de un software especial para su correcta interpretación(AU)

OBJECTIVES: The microbubbles enhanced ultrasound contrast is a novel technique that informs us in real time of renal perfusion and microcirculation. METHOD: We reviewed the literature about its use in the study of renal masses in order to show their actual clinical performance in this condition. RESULT: This technique is useful in the differential diagnosis of pseudotumors, characterization and monitoring of small renal masses, the study of complex renal cysts and controlling the progression of renal masses that underwent ablative treatments. Like any diagnostic technique has some limitations on usage; its rapid contrast wash, being operator-dependent, require some experience and need special software to be correctly interpreted. CONCLUSSIONS: The microbubbles enhanced ultrasound contrast is a useful and economic technique for the study and differential diagnosis of the renal masses(AU)

Cáncer de próstata: sobretratamiento y sobrediagnóstico / Prostatic cancer: overtreatment and overdiagnosis

Desde la popularización del test sérico del PSA, la incidencia del diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata y su detección como enfermedad órgano-confinada han aumentado significativamente, disminuyendo, solo ligeramente, su tasa de mortalidad. La evidencia de que la mayoría de los varones con cáncer prostático diagnosticado en un screening de PSA mueren por diferente causa a su enfermedad ha condicionado los conceptos de sobretratamiento y sobrediagnóstico del mismo. El patólogo, que realiza el diagnóstico, tiene la responsabilidad de no sobrediagnosticar el cáncer, extremando su prudencia ante los focos tumorales minúsculos (en nuestra serie, el 8,57% de los tumores ocupaban menos del 3% del total del tejido de la biopsia) y los cambios histológicos de valoración dudosa, especialmente los de ASAP (AGF), así como los patrones tumorales 1 y 2 de Gleason que, en nuestra opinión (tras el estudio de más de 9.000 casos), son de difícil o imposible valoración en los cilindros de biopsia. Y el urólogo debe hacer una interpretación clínica de esos mínimos tumores, o de las lesiones sospechosas, en conjunción con las condiciones clínicas de los pacientes antes de establecer una actitud terapéutica, evitando el sobretratamiento

No disponible

[Ultrasonography for the study of small renal masses]. / Estudio ultrasonográfico de las masas renales de pequeño tamaño.

OBJECTIVES: To perform an update on the usefulness of ultrasound in the study of small size renal tumors and its current possibilities. METHODS: We review the results of ultrasound in this pathology with the addition of the most recent technological advances such as a harmonic digital converters and power color Doppler. We analyze its contribution to the differential diagnosis of the cystic pathology, to the definition of solid masses, to the detection and characterization of small size masses, and to the definition of the vascular patterns of various tumors. RESULTS: Ultrasonography offers a diagnostic safety of 98% in cystic masses, being able to detect them from 0.5 cm diameter in favourable conditions. The differential diagnosis of multiloculated masses, multivesicular hydatid cyst, multiloculated cystic nephroma, and multiloculated cystic carcinoma still poses great difficulty, the same way it happens with other radiological tests. For solid masses, the greater image resolution has lead to a progressive increase in the incidental detection of tumors and the percentage of patients candidates to conservative surgery due to the decrease in size. It is easy to differentiate between adenocarcinoma and angiomyolipoma, up to 85% of the cases, but the rest of the tumors do not have specific characteristics. For small size masses, smaller than 3 cm, ultrasound sensitivity is clearly inferior to CT scan. Power color Doppler helps to confirm the existence of solid masses and helps a better differential diagnosis with pseudo tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The modern ultrasound techniques provide a high cost-effectiveness both in detection and definition of the nature of small size renal masses.

[Diagnosis and follow-up of benign prostatic hyperplasia by ultrasound]. / Diagnóstico y seguimiento de la hipertrofia prostática benigna mediante ecografía.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to analyze the utility of ultrasound in the evaluation and treatment selection of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: A total of 5000 patients older than 50 years and with prostatic symptoms were evaluated with abdominal ultrasound and in selected cases with transrectal ultrasound. RESULTS: The first ultrasonographic sign of BPH is the increase of anteroposterior and longitudinal diameters. Prostatic volume is measured with a safety of 80%, post-void volume and indirect signs of bladder obstruction are also determined by ultrasound. Upper urinary tract pathological conditions can be also detected. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound associated with PSA and urinary flow are adequate to evaluate and select treatment in patients with BPH.

[Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy: contribution of an ultrasound diagnostic unit after ten years of experience]. / Biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de próstata: aportación de una unidad urológica de diagnóstico ecográfico tras 10 años de experiencia.

OBJECTIVES: Although transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) prostatic biopsy is the procedure of choice for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC), neither the ideal number of cores nor the number of repeated biopsies, nor the required diagnostic yield have been established. After our experience of ten years with TRUS biopsy we perform a review of the technique and its indications. METHODS: PSA, ultrasound features, and pathologic data of 6000 patients undergoing modified sextant TRUS biopsy between 1994 to December 2002 were collected. 222 patients undergoing ten-core TRUS biopsy were included in an experimental group to study the role of the extended biopsy. The contribution of the extra cores to the diagnostic yield in the experimental group was studied to determine the effectiveness of the extended biopsy, using as a control group 552 patients undergoing sextant TRUS biopsy during 2002. Both groups were comparable for the study variables at the start of the study. RESULTS: The incidence of PC in the first biopsy in the group of 6000 patients was 39.1% (2345/6000). Patients with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml have an incidence of PC greater than 50% among prostates smaller than 20 cc, diminishing down to 8.9% in those greater than 50 cc. The percentage of PC among patients with negative digital rectal examination (DRE), normal TRUS, and PSA below 4 ng/ml was 16.7%. The diagnostic yield for PSA density lower than 0.11 ng/ml/cc was lower than 8%. The free/total PSA ratio shows a 13.7% incidence of PC with values higher than 0.24. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the only non-significant parameter was free/total PSA. Sixty (27.15%) patients of the extended TRUS biopsy group had PC. Only 2.25% of the 221 patients benefited from the augmented number of biopsies. There were no significant differences in the figures of prostate cancer between groups. Only PSA and volume where significant in the multivariate logistic regression analysis; number of samples, PSA density and age lacked of influence in the detection of PC. CONCLUSIONS: The sextant biopsy model obtaining cores from the lateral horns of the prostate continues to be the reference for TRUS biopsy, and the extended biopsy is not applicable to all patients from the beginning do to the small increase in the diagnostic yield. Isolated PSA may not be the unique reference to indicate TRUS biopsy, being volume, in our experience, a definitive factor for the adjustment of high risk levels.

[Ultrasound for the diagnosis of female urinary incontinence]. / Ecografía en el diagnóstico de la incontinencia urinaria femenina.

OBJECTIVES: The value of ultrasonography for the study of female urinary incontinence has been redefined over the last years. METHODS: We review the literature about the value of ultrasound in the workup of females with urinary incontinence, mainly transperineal ultrasound for the female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). RESULTS: Many papers have been published over the last few years. Upper urinary tract ultrasound has not a place in the workup of genuine female SUI. Transperineal ultrasound allows to evaluate the mobility of the bladder neck and urethra, the thickness of the bladder wall, the funnel shape of the bladder neck, the presence of SUI or pelvic organ prolapse (POP), to visualize mesh implants, to help with biofeedback, and to evaluate changes after surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasounds in general, and transperineal or translabial ultrasound in particular, are in the process of becoming the standard diagnostic method in urogynecology. Their wide availability, the standardization of parameters, the possibility of evaluating not only the bladder but also the levator ani muscle or pelvic organ prolapses (POP) contribute to this fact. It allows to obtain data in a non invasive way before and after therapy.

[Testicular ultrasonography]. / Ecografía testicular.

OBJECTIVES: To review the contribution of ultrasound to the differential diagnosis of scrotal pathology, both testicular and adnexal. METHODS: We performed a bibliographic review on the topic, adding the experience of our Unit over the years; we classified the pathology in testicular and extratesticular, separating liquid and solid lesions, and a miscellaneous group of unclassifiable cases. RESULTS: Currently, ultrasonography with high frequency equipment allows not only to differentiate between intra and extratesticular lesions, but also to identify specific lesions, the manage of which may include follow-up without need of unavoidable surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography is a painless simple test that may be repeated without inconvenience so that it is the first test to be indicated for any problem of the scrotal content.

Estudio ultrasonográfico de las masas renales de pequeño tamaño / Ultrasonography for the study of small renal masses

OBJETIVO: Efectuar una puesta al día de la utilidad de la ecografía en el estudio de los tumores renales de pequeño tamaño y de las posibilidades que esta técnica ofrece en el momento actual. MÉTODO: Revisión de los resultados obtenidos en esta patología con las aportaciones ofrecidas por los desarrollos tecnológicos más recientes como los convertidores digitales con modo armónico y el Doppler color energía. Análisis de su contribución al diagnóstico diferencial con la patología quística, a la definición de las masas sólidas, a la detección y caracterización de las masas de pequeño tamaño y a la definición de los patrones vasculares de los diferentes tumores. RESULTADOS: La ecografía ofrece una seguridad diagnóstica del 98% en las masas quísticas pudiéndose objetivar en condiciones favorables a partir de un diámetro de 0,5 cm. El diagnóstico diferencial de las masas multitabicadas, quiste hidatídico multivesicular, nefroma quístico multilocular y carcinoma quístico multilocular, sigue planteando graves dificultades, al igual que ocurre con el resto de las técnicas de imagen. En las masas sólidas la mayor resolución de las imágenes ha conducido a un incremento progresivo en la detección de tumores incidentales y en el porcentaje de pacientes candidatos a cirugía conservadora dada la continua disminución en su tamaño. La diferenciación entre el adenocarcinoma y el angiomiolipoma es fácil y posible en el 85% de los casos no presentando el resto de tumores características específicas. En las masas de pequeño tamaño, menores de 3 cm., la sensibilidad de esta técnica es claramente inferior a la de la TAC. El Doppler color energía ayuda a confirmar la existencia de las masas sólidas y permite un mejor diagnóstico diferencial con los seudotumores. CONCLUSIONES: Las modernas técnicas ecográficas ofrecen una elevada rentabilidad tanto en la detección como en la definición de la naturaleza de las masas renales de pequeño tamaño

OBJECTIVES: To perform an update on the usefulness of ultrasound in the study of small size renal tumors and its current possibilities. METHODS: We review the results of ultrasound in this pathology with the addition of the most recent technological advances such as a harmonic digital converters and power color Doppler. We analyze its contribution to the differential diagnosis of the cystic pathology, to the definition of solid masses, to the detection and characterization of small size masses, and to the definition of the vascular patterns of various tumors. RESULTS: Ultrasonography offers a diagnostic safety of 98% in cystic masses, being able to detect them from 0.5 cm diameter in favourable conditions. The differential diagnosis of multiloculated masses, multivesicular hydatid cyst, multiloculated cystic nephroma, and multiloculated cystic carcinoma still poses great difficulty, the same way it happens with other radiological tests. For solid masses, the greater image resolution has lead to a progressive increase in the incidental detection of tumors and the percentage of patients candidates to conservative surgery due to the decrease in size. It is easy to differentiate between adenocarcinoma and angiomyolipoma, up to 85% of the cases, but the rest of the tumors do not have specific characteristics. For small size masses, smaller than 3 cm, ultrasound sensitivity is clearly inferior to CT scan. Power color Doppler helps to confirm the existence of solid masses and helps a better differential diagnosis with pseudo tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The modern ultrasound techniques provide a high cost-effectiveness both in detection and definition of the nature of small size renal masses

Diagnóstico y seguimiento de la hipertrofia prostática benigna mediante ecografía / Diagnosis and follow-up of benign prostatic hyperplasia by ultrasound

OBJETIVO: La finalidad del estudio es analizar la utilidad de la ecografía en la evaluación, elección del tratamiento y seguimiento del paciente con una hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 5.000 pacientes de edad > 50 años con clínica de prostatismo mediante ecografía abdominal y en casos seleccionados transrectal. RESULTADOS: El signo ecográfico más precoz de la HPB es el incremento de los diámetros anteroposterior y longitudinal de la próstata. La ecografía tiene una seguridad del 80% en la evaluación del volumen prostático y permite medir el residuo postmiccional, así corno datos indirectos de obstrucción del músculo detrusor vesical. Finalmente, posibilita la detección de patología asociada en el tracto urinario superior. CONCLUSIONES: la ecografía en colaboración con el PSA y la flujometría permite evaluar y seleccionar el tratamiento en el paciente con HPB

OBJECTIVES: the aim of the study is to analyze the utility of ultrasound in the evaluation and treatment selection of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: a total of 5000 patients older than 50 years and with prostatic symptoms were evaluated with abdominal ultrasound and in selected cases with transrectal ultrasound. RESULTS: the first ultrasonographic sign of BPH is the increase of anteroposterior and longitudinal diameters. Prostatic volume is measured with a safety of 80%, post-void volume and indirect signs of bladder obstruction are also determined by ultrasound. Upper urinary tract pathological conditions can be also detected. CONCLUSIONS: ultrasound associated with PSA and urinary flow are adequate to evaluate and select treatment in patients with BPH

Biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de próstata: aportación de una unidad urológica de diagnóstico exográfico tras 10 años de experiencia / Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy: contribution of an ultrasound diagnostic unit after ten years of experience

OBJETIVO: A pesar de que la Biopsia Transrectal Ecodirigida (BTE) prostática es el método fundamental de diagnóstico del cáncer prostático (CP) no se ha establecido el número ideal de muestras, de repeticiones o la rentabilidad que se le debe exigir. A través de la experiencia de 10 años en BTE pretendemos revisar que puede aportarse a la realización de la prueba y a sus indicaciones. MÉTODO: Se han recogido los datos de PSA, características ecográficas y anatomía patológica de 6000 pacientes a los que se realizó BTE sextante modificada desde 1994 a diciembre de 2002.Para estudiar el papel de la biopsia ampliada se realizo un grupo experimental de 222 pacientes en los que se intentó la obtención de 10 muestras prostáticas mediante BTE. Para determinar la rentabilidad de la biopsia ampliada se estudiará la aportación de las muestras “extras” al rendimiento diagnóstico del grupo experimental (BTE ampliada) y se empleará como grupo control (BTE sextante) y de comparación un conjunto más amplio de 552 pacientes biopsiados en el año 2002. Se estudió la comparabilidad del grupo experimental y control, respecto a las variables recogidas al inicio del estudio. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de CP en el grupo de 6000 pacientes en la primera biopsia es del 39,1% (2345/6000). Los pacientes con PSA entre 4 y 10 ng/ml presentan una incidencia mayor del 50% de cánceres entre las próstatas de menos de 20 cc que disminuye hasta un 8,9% en la mayores de 50 cc. El porcentaje de CP entre los pacientes con PSA menor de 4ng/ml con tacto y ETR normales fue del 16,7%. La rentabilidad con Densidad de PSA menor de 0,11 ng/ml/c.c. fue inferior al 8%. El PSA L/T muestra una incidencia de CP del 13,7% con cifras superiores a 0,24. En las regresiones logísticas multivariantes únicamente el PSA L/T no resultó significativo. Entre los pacientes a los que se realizó BTE ampliada 60 (27,15%) presentaron CP. Tan sólo el 2,25% del total de 221 pacientes se beneficiaron del mayor número de muestras. No se han encontrado diferencias significativas en las cifras de CP entre los grupos de biopsia sextante y ampliada. En el análisis de regresión logística multivariante únicamente el PSA y el volumen han resultado significativos, careciendo de influencia en la detección de cáncer el número de muestras, la DPSA y la edad. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo sextante con obtención de muestras de los cuernos laterales de la próstata sigue siendo la referencia de la BTE mientras que la BTE ampliada no es aplicable de inicio a todos los pacientes por el escaso incremento en la capacidad diagnóstica. El PSA aislado no puede ser más el referente único para indicar la BTE, siendo, en nuestra experiencia, el volumen un factor decisivo para el ajuste de los niveles de mayor riesgo

OBJECTIVES: Although transrectal ultrasound- guided (TRUS) prostatic biopsy is the procedure of choice for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC), neither the ideal number of cores nor the number of repeated biopsies, nor the required diagnostic yield have been established. After our experience of ten years with TRUS biopsy we perform a review of the technique and its indications. METHODS: PSA, ultrasound features, and pathologic data of 6000 patients undergoing modified sextant TRUS biopsy between 1994 to December 2002 were collected. 222 patients undergoing ten-core TRUS biopsy were included in an experimental group to study the role of the extended biopsy. The contribution of the extra cores to the diagnostic yield in the experimental group was studied to determine the effectiveness of the extended biopsy, using as a control group 552 patients undergoing sextant TRUS biopsy during 2002. Both groups were comparable for the study variables at the start of the study. RESULTS: The incidence of PC in the first biopsy in the group of 6000 patients was 39.1% (2345/6000). Patients with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml have an incidence of PC greater than 50% among prostates smaller than 20 cc, diminishing down to 8.9% in those greater than 50 cc. The percentage of PC among patients with negative digital rectal examination (DRE), normal TRUS, and PSA below 4 ng/ml was 16.7%. The diagnostic yield for PSA density lower than 0.11 ng/ml/cc was lower than 8%. The free/total PSA ratio shows a 13.7% incidence of PC with values higher than 0.24. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the only non-significant parameter was free/total PSA. Sixty (27.15%) patients of the extended TRUS biopsy group had PC. Only 2.25% of the 221 patients benefited from the augmented number of biopsies. There were no significant differences in the figures of prostate cancer between groups. Only PSA and volume where significant in the multivariate logistic regression analysis; number of samples, PSA density and age lacked of influence in the detection of PC. CONCLUSIONS: The sextant biopsy model obtaining cores from the lateral horns of the prostate continues to be the reference for TRUS biopsy, and the extended biopsy is not applicable to all patients from the beginning do to the small increase in the diagnostic yield. Isolated PSA may not be the unique reference to indicate TRUS biopsy, being volume, in our experience, a definitive factor for the adjustment of high risk levels

Ecografía en el diagnóstico de la incontiencia urinaria femenina / Ultrasound for the diagnosis of female urinary incontinence

OBJETIVO: El valor de la Ecografía en el estudio de la Incontinencia Urinaria Femenina (IUF) ha sido redefinido en los últimos años MÉTODOS: Se revisa la literatura sobre el valor de la Ecografía en el estudio de las mujeres con Incontinencia urinaria, fundamentalmente en la ecografía transperineal en la Incontinencia Urinaria de esfuerzo femenina RESULTADOS: En los últimos años son numerosos los trabajos publicados. La ecografía del TUS tiene poco lugar en la evaluación de la IUF de esfuerzo pura. La ecografía transperineal permite evaluar movilidad del cuello vesical y uretra, grosor de la pared vesical, embudización del cuello, presencia de IUF de esfuerzo, presencia de prolapso de órganos pelvianos (POP), visualización de mallas, ayudar al biofeedback y valorar cambios tras tratamiento quirúrgico. CONCLUSIONES: Los ultrasonidos y en particular la ECO transperineal o translabial está en proceso de convertirse un método diagnóstico estándar en uroginecología. A ello contribuye su amplia disponibilidad, estandarización de los parámetros y la posibilidad de evaluar no sólo la vejiga, sino también el elevador del ano o los Prolapsos de órganos pelvianos (POP). Permite obtener, de forma no invasiva datos pre y postratamiento

OBJECTIVES: The value of ultrasonography for the study of female urinary incontinence has been redefined over the last years. METHODS: We review the literature about the value of ultrasound in the workup of females with urinary incontinence, mainly transperineal ultrasound for the female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). RESULTS: Many papers have been published over the last few years. Upper urinary tract ultrasound has not a place in the workup of genuine female SUI. Transperineal ultrasound allows to evaluate the mobility of the bladder neck and urethra, the thickness of the bladder wall, the funnel shape of the bladder neck, the presence of SUI or pelvic organ prolapse (POP), to visualize mesh implants, to help with biofeedback, and to evaluate changes after surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasounds in general, and transperineal or translabial ultrasound in particular, are in the process of becoming the standard diagnostic method in urogynecology. Their wide availability, the standardization of parameters, the possibility of evaluating not only the bladder but also the levator ani muscle or pelvic organ prolapses (POP) contribute to this fact. It allows to obtain data in a non invasive way before and after therapy

Ecografía testicular / No disponible

OBJETIVO: Se pretende revisar la aportación de la ecografía al diagnóstico diferencial de la patología escrotal tanto testicular como anexial. MÉTODO: se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema incorporando la experiencia de nuestra Unidad a lo largo de los años, clasificando la patología en testicular y extratesticular y dentro de estas separando aquellas lesiones líquidas de las sólidas, además de un grupo de miscelánea no clasificable. RESULTADOS: actualmente la ecografía con equipos de alta frecuencia permite no sólo diferenciar entre patología intra y extraescrotal sino identificar lesiones específicas cuyo manejo puede incluir el seguimiento sin tener que recurrir a la exploración quirúrgica inevitable. CONCLUSIONES: la ecografía es una prueba sencilla, no dolorosa y puede repetirse sin mayor inconveniente por lo que es la primera prueba que debe solicitarse ante cualquier problema del contenido escrotal

OBJECTIVES: To review the contribution of ultrasound to the differential diagnosis of scrotal pathology, both testicular and adnexal. METHODS: We performed a bibliographic review on the topic, adding the experience of our Unit over the years; we classified the pathology in testicular and extratesticular, separating liquid and solid lesions, and a miscellaneous group of unclassifiable cases. RESULTS: Currently, ultrasonography with high frequency equipment allows not only to differentiate between intra and extratesticular lesions, but also to identify specific lesions, the manage of which may include follow-up without need of unavoidable surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography is a painless simple test that may be repeated without inconvenience so that it is the first test to be indicated for any problem of the scrotal content

[Diagnostic yield of the extended prostatic biopsy with 10 cores. Prospective study on 222 patients]. / Rentabilidad de la biopsia ampliada con 10 muestras prostáticas. estudio prospectivo sobre 222 pacientes.

OBJECTIVES: The number of biopsy samples for a proper prostate cancer diagnosis has not yet been established. We report our experience with the 10-sample extended biopsy. METHODS: We collected the results of a group of 222 patients undergoing extended ultrasound guided prostate biopsy with 10 samples. In addition to the sextant biopsies 2 extra samples were obtained from the dorsal-apex area on each lobe. Results of this group were compared with a control group of 552 patients undergoing sextant biopsy in 2002 with the same inclusion in criteria. RESULTS: 60 patients had cancer (27.15%). The extra samples gave the diagnosis in 5 out of 60 patients, 8.33% of the tumors and 2.25% of all patients. Control group showed cancer in 24.5%, not having the difference statistical significance. The incidence in prostates smaller than 20 cc was 69.2%, 11.6% in prostates bigger than 50 cc. 80% of the patients with prostate cancer only in the extra samples have a volume smaller than 35 cc. Multivariate logistic regression study for the probability of prostate cancer only showed association with serum PSA and prostate volume but not with the number of samples. CONCLUSIONS: The extended biopsy is not indicated as an initial diagnostic technique, being reserved for specific cases such as repeated biopsies in patients with high risk pathology reports. Neither it is indicated in the bigger volume prostates.

Rentabilidad de la biopsia ampliada con 10 muestras prostáticas. Estudio prospectivo sobre 222 pacientes / Diagnostic yield of the extended prostatic biopsy with 10 cores. Prospective study on 222 patients

OBJETIVO: Actualmente no está establecidoni el número de muestras ni de biopsias para el correcto diagnóstico del cáncer prostático. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en biopsia ampliada con 10 muestras.MÉTODO: se recogieron los resultados de un grupo de 222 pacientes en los que se realizó biopsia transrectal ecodirigida prostática ampliada con 10 muestras. Ademásde las muestras de una biopsia sextante se obtuvieron2 muestras “extras” de la región apical-dorsal de cada lóbulo, estudiando los resultados en este grupo y comparándolo con un grupo control de 552 pacientes sometidos en 2002 a biopsia sextante con los mismos criterios de inclusión.RESULTADOS: Presentaron cáncer 60 pacientes (27,15%). Las muestras “extras” supusieron el diagnósticoen 5 de los 60 pacientes, el 8,33% de los tumores y el 2,25% del total de pacientes. El grupo de control presentabacáncer en un 24,5% no resultando significativa la diferencia. Mientras que la incidencia en próstatas menores de 20 cc fue del 69,2% en las mayores de 50cc fue del 11,6%. De los pacientes diagnosticados únicamente por las muestras “extras” el 80% tenía un volumen menor de 35cc. En el estudio de regresión logísticamultivariante sólo se asoció con la posibilidad de cáncer el PSA sérico y el volumen prostático pero no el número de muestras.CONCLUSIÓN: la biopsia ampliada no está indicada como técnica diagnóstica de inicio debiendo reservarsepara casos concretos como rebiopsias en pacientes con anatomías patológicas de alto riesgo. Tampoco parece indicada en la biopsia de próstatas de mayor tamaño

OBJECTIVES: The number of biopsy samples for a proper prostate cancer diagnosis has not yet been established. We report our experience with the10-sample extended biopsy.METHODS: We collected the results of a group of 222 patients undergoing extended ultrasound guided prostate biopsy with 10 samples. In addition to the sextant biopsies 2 extra samples were obtained from the dorsal-apex area on each lobe. Results of this group were compared with a control group of 552 patients undergoing sextant biopsy in 2002 with the same inclusion in criteria.RESULTS: 60 patients had cancer (27.15%). The extra samples gave the diagnosis in 5 out of 60 patients, 8.33% of the tumors and 2.25% of all patients. Control group showed cancer in 24.5%, not having the difference statistical significance. The incidence in prostates smaller than 20 cc was 69.2%, 11.6% in prostates bigger than 50 cc. 80% of the patients with prostate cancer only in the extra samples have a volume smaller than 35 cc. Multivariate logistic regression study for the probability of prostate cancer only showed association with serum PSA and prostate volume but not with the number of samples.CONCLUSIONS: The extended biopsy is not indicated as an initial diagnostic technique, being reserved for specific cases such as repeated biopsies in patients with high risk pathology reports. Neither it is indicated in the bigger volume prostates

Tolerancia y complicaciones de la biopsia transrectal ecodirigida prostática ampliada a diez cilindros. Papel del bloqueo de haces neurovasculares con lidocaína / Tolerability and complications of the ultrasound guided transrectal biopsy of the prostate extended to 10 cores. The role of neurovascular bundle blockage with lidocaine

OBJETIVO: El creciente interés por ampliar el número de muestras obtenidas durante la biopsia transrectal ecodirigida prostática nos ha hecho evaluar la tolerancia y complicaciones de la biopsia ampliada con y sin bloqueo de los haces neurovasculares de esta modalidad diagnóstica.MÉTODO: Un grupo de 222 pacientes se sometieron a biopsia prostática con intención de obtener 10 cilindrosde tejido. Tras la evaluación de los primeros 50 pacientes realizados sin anestesia se decidió continuar practicando bloqueo de los haces neurovasculares con lidocaina al 2%, evaluando comparativamente los resultadosde tolerancia en ambos grupos y la incidencia de complicaciones y efectos secundarios en su conjunto.RESULTADOS: No se pudo completar el número de muestras previsto en el 16% de pacientes sin anestesia frente al 2,33% con anestesia (p<0,002), la prueba resultó dolorosa o muy dolorosa en el 10,9 y 1,9% respectivamente(p<0,0002). La puntuación en la escala analógica visual de dolor fue de 2,46± 1,67 y 4,5± 2,11 según se hubiera usado anestésico o no con reaccionesvagales leves-moderadas en el 28% de estos últimos frente al 7,7% si se administró lidocaina. La rectorragiafue la complicación más preocupante siendo moderada-importante en el 4,7% precisando de ingreso en un 2% de pacientes.CONCLUSIONES: El incremento del número de muestrasen la biopsia transrectal ecodirigida se puede asociara una mayor frecuencia de complicaciones sobre todo hemorrágicas y precisa de la aplicación de anestesialocal por su peor tolerancia, si bien el bloqueo de haces neurovasculares con lidocaina es muy efectivo parra disminuir el dolor asociado a las punciones

OBJECTIVES: The growing interest on increasing the number of biopsy samples during ultrasound guided prostatic biopsies moved us to evaluate the tolerability and complications of the extensive biopsy with/without blockage of neurovascular bundles. METHODS: A group of 222 patients underwent prostatic biopsy with the aim to obtain 10 cores on each. After evaluation of the first 50 cases performed without anesthesia, decision was taken to proceed with neurovascular blockage with 2% lidocaine, comparatively evaluating both groups for results on tolerability, complications and global adverse events. RESULTS: The aimed number of cores could not be completed in 16% of the patients without anesthesia in comparison with 2.33% with anesthesia (p < 0.002); the biopsy was qualified as painful or very painful by 10.9% and 1.9% respectively (p < 0. 0002). The results of the visual analogical scale for pain were 2.46 ± 1.67 and 4.5 ± 2.11 for the anesthesia / without anesthesia groups respectively, with mild-moderate vagal reactions in 28% of these latter in comparison with 7.7% in patients receiving lidocaine. Rectal bleeding was the most worrying complication, being moderate-severe in 4.7% of the patients, with 2% hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the number of ultrasound guided prostatic biopsy samples may be associated with a higher frequency of complications, mainly bleeding, and requires the application of local anesthesia due to worse tolerance. Neurovascular bundle blockage with lidocaine is very effective to diminish biopsy associated pain

[Results of a series of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate in 6000 patients. Part I: pathology, digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, and PSA]. / Resultados de una serie de 6000 pacientes con biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de próstata. Parte I: anatomía patológica, tacto rectal, ecografía transrectal y psa.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the results of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy of the prostate in 6000 patients, and their relation to common-use clinical parameters. METHODS: We collected PSA, digital rectal examination, TRUS characteristics, and pathology report in a data- base including 6000 patients who underwent sextant TRUS biopsy from 1994 to December 2002. 861 of them underwent more than one biopsy, accounting for a total of 7127 biopsies. Sextant biopsy with samples from the most lateral portions of the prostate was the standard procedure so that they included peripheral zone only. We analyze pathological results and their relation with clinical variables. RESULTS: Total percentage of cancer in biopsy samples was 42.6%, with 39.1% in the first biopsy. Overall, repeated biopsies resulted in a 3.5% diagnostic yield increase. PIN or focal glandular atypia were detected in 2.0% and 2.1% of the cases respectively. The percentage of patients with Gleason score =<6 increased from 41.8% in the first biopsy to 70% in the third. Similarly, single core involvement increased from 21.% to 65%. Digital rectal examination and presence of hypoechogenic nodules specificity were 82.6 and 78.2% respectively. The incidence of prostate cancer with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml was 29.6%, 16.7% in those with PSA lower than 4 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: TRUS biopsy of the lateral prostatic areas offers a good diagnostic yield in comparison with most series of extensive biopsies. The sensitivity of TRUS has decreased but it maintains a high specificity which should not be forgotten when planning the TRUS strategy

[Results of a series of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate in 6000 patients. Part II: PSA derived parameters]. / Resultados de una serie de 6000 pacientes con biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de prostata. Parte II: parámetros derivados del PSA.

OBJECTIVES: We review the results of 6000 patients with the clinical suspect of prostate cancer who underwent one or more prostate, biopsies, analyzing the role of PSA derived parameters in the probability of having prostate cancer in the TRUS biopsy. METHODS: We selected 6000 patients who under- went TRUS biopsy between 1994 and 2002. 861 of them underwent more than one is biopsy, adding up to a total of 7127 biopsies. For the study of PSA derived indexes we established ranges based on the 10th percentile for the first biopsy for all patients and also for those with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml. Several predictive models were determined by logistic regression of the variables related with presence/no presence of cancer. RESULTS: For first biopsies the ranges of PSAD established showed a diagnostic effectiveness below 8% with PSA densities lower than 0.11 ng/ml/cc. The free/total PSA ratio is less discriminant in the ranges obtained with a 13.7% incidence of prostate cancer for values above 0.24. In the case of second biopsies the group of patients with PSAD below 0.12 had only a 5.3% incidence, and only one patient with F/T PSA ratio higher than 0.24 had a prostate cancer (2.9%). All studied parameters but F/T PSA ratio showed statistical significance in the multivariant analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although the establishment of a cut point for PSAD diminishes sensitivity, prostate biopsy habits should be modified assuming the loss of tumors in patients with low PSAD and increasing the number of biopsies in patients with total PSA values below 4 ng/ml with higher densities.